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The western Greater Caucasus range near Mount Dombay-Ulgen, Stavropol kray (territory), Russia. Loginov and A. Markelov/© Novosti Information AgencyRussia is a land of superlatives. By far the world’s largest country, it covers nearly twice the territory of, the second largest. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and the eastern third of Europe, spanning 11 and incorporating a great range of and landforms, from deserts to semiarid steppes to deep forests. Russia contains Europe’s longest river, the, and its largest lake,.
Russia also is home to the world’s deepest lake, and the country recorded the world’s lowest temperature outside the and poles. Moscow Time-lapse video of Moscow. © Kirill Neiezhmakov; www.youtube.com/user/nk87design The inhabitants of Russia are quite. Most are ethnic Russians, but there also are more than 120 other ethnic groups present, speaking many languages and following religious and cultural traditions.
Most of the Russian population is concentrated in the European portion of the country, especially in the fertile region surrounding, the capital. Moscow and (formerly Leningrad) are the two most important cultural and financial centres in Russia and are among the most picturesque cities in the world. Russians are also populous in Asia, however; beginning in the 17th century, and particularly pronounced throughout much of the 20th century, a steady flow of ethnic Russians and Russian-speaking people moved eastward into, where cities such as and now flourish. Russia’s climate is extreme, with forbidding winters that have several times famously saved the country from foreign invaders. Although the climate adds a layer of difficulty to daily life, the land is a generous source of crops and materials, including vast reserves of, gas, and metals.
That richness of resources has not translated into an easy life for most of the country’s people, however; indeed, much of Russia’s history has been a grim tale of the very wealthy and powerful few ruling over a great mass of their poor and powerless compatriots. Endured well into the modern era; the years of Soviet communist rule (1917–91), especially the long dictatorship of, saw subjugation of a different and more exacting sort. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription.The Russian republic was established immediately after the and became a union republic in 1922. During the post-World War II era, Russia was a central player in international affairs, locked in a struggle with the. In 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia joined with several other former Soviet republics to form a loose coalition, the (CIS). Although the of Soviet-style and the subsequent collapse of the Soviet Union brought profound political and economic changes, including the beginnings of the formation of a large middle class, for much of the postcommunist era Russians had to endure a generally weak economy, high inflation, and a complex of social ills that served to lower significantly.
Despite such profound problems, Russia showed promise of achieving its potential as a world power once again, as if to exemplify a favourite proverb, stated in the 19th century by Austrian statesman: “Russia is never as strong as she appears, and never as weak as she appears.”. Russia can boast a long tradition of excellence in every aspect of the arts and sciences.
Prerevolutionary Russian society produced the and music of such giants of world as,. The 1917 revolution and the changes it brought were reflected in the works of such noted figures as the novelists, and and the composers. And the late Soviet and postcommunist eras witnessed a revival of interest in once-forbidden artists such as the poets and while ushering in new talents such as the novelist and the writer and journalist Tatyana Tolstaya, whose celebration of the arrival of winter in St.
Petersburg, a beloved event, suggests the and stoutheartedness of her people:The snow begins to fall in October. People watch for it impatiently, turning repeatedly to look outside. If only it would come! Everyone is tired of the cold rain that taps stupidly on windows and roofs. The houses are so drenched that they seem about to crumble into sand. But then, just as the gloomy sky sinks even lower, there comes the hope that the boring drum of water from the clouds will finally give way to a flurry ofand there it goes: tiny dry grains at first, then an exquisitely carved flake, two, three ornate stars, followed by fat fluffs of snow, then more, more, more—a great store of cotton tumbling down.For the geography and history of the other former Soviet republics, see,. LandRussia is bounded to the north and east by the Arctic and Pacific oceans, and it has small frontages in the northwest on the at and at the detached Russian oblast (region) of (a part of what was once annexed in 1945), which also abuts.
To the south Russia borders, and,. To the southwest and west it borders, and, as well as and. Typical wooden buildings in a village in the Central Ural Mountains near Kungur, Russia. © Wolfgang KaehlerExtending nearly halfway around the Northern Hemisphere and covering much of eastern and northeastern and all of northern, Russia has a maximum east-west extent of some 5,600 miles (9,000 km) and a north-south width of 1,500 to 2,500 miles (2,500 to 4,000 km). There is an enormous variety of landforms and landscapes, which occur mainly in a series of broad latitudinal belts.
Arctic deserts lie in the extreme north, giving way southward to the tundra and then to the forest zones, which cover about half of the country and give it much of its character. South of the forest zone lie the wooded steppe and the steppe, beyond which are small sections of semidesert along the northern shore of the. Much of Russia lies at latitudes where the winter cold is intense and where evaporation can barely keep pace with the accumulation of moisture, engendering abundant rivers, lakes, and swamps. Covers some 4 million square miles (10 million square km)—an area seven times larger than the of the, Europe’s longest river—making settlement and road building difficult in vast areas.
In the European areas of Russia, the permafrost occurs in the tundra and the forest-tundra zone. In western Siberia permafrost occurs along the, and it covers almost all areas east of the river, except for south province, and (the Maritime Region).
ReliefOn the basis of geologic structure and relief, Russia can be divided into two main parts—western and eastern—roughly along the line of the Yenisey River. In the western section, which occupies some two-fifths of Russia’s total area, lowland plains predominate over vast areas broken only by low hills and plateaus. In the eastern section the bulk of the terrain is mountainous, although there are some extensive lowlands. Given these topological factors, Russia may be subdivided into six main relief regions: the, the, the, the, the, and the. The, the smallest of Russia’s relief regions, lies in the northwestern part of European Russia between the Finnish border and the. Is a low, ice-scraped plateau with a maximum elevation of 1,896 feet (578 metres), but for the most part it is below 650 feet (200 metres); low ridges and knolls alternate with lake- and marsh-filled hollows. The is similar, but the small range rises to nearly 4,000 feet (1,200 metres).
Mineral-rich ancient rocks lie at or near the surface in many places. Botanical garden on the Kola Peninsula, Russia Novosti Press Agency TheWestern Russia makes up the largest part of one of the great lowland areas of the world, the (also called the East European Plain), which extends into Russia from the western border eastward for 1,000 miles (1,600 km) to the Ural Mountains and from the more than 1,500 miles (2,400 km) to the Mountains and the. About half of this vast area lies at elevations of less than 650 feet (200 metres) above, and the highest point (in the, northwest of ) reaches only 1,125 feet (343 metres). Nevertheless, the detailed is quite varied. North of the on which Moscow lies, features characteristic of lowland glacial predominate, and morainic ridges, of which the most pronounced are the Valdai Hills and the, which rises to 1,050 feet (320 metres), stand out above low, poorly drained hollows interspersed with lakes and marshes.
South of Moscow there is a west-east alternation of rolling plateaus and extensive plains. In the west the, with a maximum elevation of 950 feet (290 metres), separates the lowlands of the upper valley from those of the and rivers, beyond which the Volga Hills rise gently to 1,230 feet (375 metres) before descending abruptly to the. Small river valleys are sharply incised into these uplands, whereas the major rivers cross the lowlands in broad, shallow floodplains. East of the Volga is the large, parts of which lie more than 90 feet (25 metres) below sea level. The Russian Plain also extends southward through the Azov-Caspian isthmus (in the North region) to the foot of the Caucasus Mountains, the crest line of which forms the boundary between Russia and the Transcaucasian states of Georgia and Azerbaijan; just inside this border is, which at 18,510 feet (5,642 metres) is the highest point in Russia.
The large Kuban and Kuma plains of the North Caucasus are separated by the at elevations of 1,000 to 2,000 feet (300 to 600 metres).